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Table 1 Descriptive data for study variables

From: The role of breastfeeding, antibiotics and antimalarial medicinal exposure in paediatric depression amongst children aged under 5: a population-based study

Variables

Whole sample

Childhood depression

 

P

Antibiotics

 

No

Yes

 

Amoxicillin

471 (2.8%)

180 (2.6%)

291 (3%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 2.208, p > 0.05

Cotrimoxazole

139 (0.8%)

43 (0.6%)

96 (1.0%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 6.495, p < 0.01

Herbal

241 (1.4%)

93 (1.3%)

148 (1.5%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 0.879, p > 0.05

Antimalarials

    

 ACT

810 (4.8%)

272 (3.9%)

538 (5.5%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 22.225, p < 0.001

 Fansidar

165 (1.0%)

52 (0.7%)

113 (1.2%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 6.900, p < 0.01

 Chloroquine

234 (1.4%)

71 (1.0%)

163 (1.7%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 12.261, p < 0.001

 Amodiaquine

124 (0.7%)

45 (0.6%)

79 (0.8%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 1.419, p > 0.05

 Quinine (pills)

74 (0.4%)

23 (0.3%)

51 (0.5%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 3.350, p < 0.05

 Quinine (injection)

229 (1.4%)

71 (1.0%)

158 (1.6%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 10.619, p < 0.001

 Artesunate (rectal)

150 (0.9%)

60 (0.9%)

90 (0.9%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 0.148, p > 0.05

 Artesunate (injection)

382 (2.3%)

129 (1.9%)

253 (2.6%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 9.727, p = 0.001

 Breastfeeding (ever)

4864 (92.6%)

2238 (93.8%)

2626 (91.6%)

χ2(1, N = 5253) = 9.218, p = 0.001

Covariates

    

 Age (number of days)

M, 975.11 (SD: 790.015 )

M,1312.71 (SD: 782.450)

M,1331.35 (SD: 667.279)

t(13429.854) = 1.612, p > .05

 Gender (% Female)

8231 (49.2%)

3449 (49.7%)

4782 (48.9%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 0.863, p > 0.05

 Weight (kg) (MICS + NICS)

M, 0.990 (SD: 0.959)

M, 1.120 (SD:1.00)

M, 0.932 (SD:0.978)

t(14708.053) = −12.011, p < .001

 Area (% rural)

12285 (73.5%)

4925 (70.9%)

7360 (75.3%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 40.293, p < 0.001

 Education (% educated)

9273 (55.5%)

4165 (60.0%)

5108 (52.3%)

χ2(1, N = 16718) = 97.570, p < 0.001

 Functional difficulties

738 (4.4%)

229 (3.3%)

509 (5.2%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 35.140, p < 0.001

 Ethnicity/tribe (%)

10189 (60.9%)

4253 (61.2%)

5936 (60.7%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 0.421, p > 0.05

 Wealth index (HH assets)

M, 2.56 (SD: 1.349)

M, 2.61 (SD:1.365)

M, 2.45 (SD:1.276)

t(14324.925) = −7.613, p < .001

 Illness symptoms (fever)

4094 (24.5%)

1537 (22.1%)

2557 (26.2%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 35.725, p < 0.001

 Illness symptoms (cough)

2958 (17.7%)

1087 (15.6%)

1871 (19.1%)

χ2(1, N = 16720) = 34.028, p < 0.001

  1. Notes. NR Non-response, HH Household. All values are sample size and percentages (%), unless means (M) and standard deviations (SDs) are stated. Percentages for all medicines depict the proportion of children exposed to each drug. Percentage for breastfeeding indicates the proportion of children who had ever been breastfed. Percentage for education (maternal) refers to the proportion with primary, secondary, or higher education. Percentage for ethnicity/tribe depicts proportion of children from Hausa, Igbo, or Yoruba backgrounds. P values relate to 1-sided comparisons between depressed and non-depressed children, based on Chi-square or independent samples t-tests
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