Table 2 Characteristics of included subjects
First author, year | Population | Age | Body temperature | Duration of fever | Room temperature | Measurement site | Measurement device | Time of follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agbolosu, 1997 [12] | Children consistent with upper respiratory tract infections and/or malaria | 6–60 months | 38.5–40℃ | 1–14 days | 21–32℃ | Axillary | Digital thermometer | 60/120 min |
Aksoylar, 1997 [13] | Children with fever of ≥ 39℃ due to different etiology | 6 months-5 years | ≥ 39℃ | NR | NR | Rectal | Mercury thermometer | 30/60/120/180 min |
Alves, 2008 [14] | Children consistent with upper respiratory tract infections | 24.9 ± 8.3 months; 21.9 ± 7.1 months | 38.5–40℃ | Mean: 24.5 and 22.6 h | 27–30℃ | Axillary | Digital thermometer | 0/15/30/60/90/120 min |
Deng, 2023 [15] | Children consistent with upper respiratory tract infections | 1–7 years | ≥ 37.5℃ | 4.37 ± 0.56 days; 4.62 ± 0.62 days | NR | NR | Thermometer | Within 5 days |
Gong, 2018 [16] | Children consistent with upper respiratory tract infections | 6 months-6 years | 37.5–39.0℃ | 12 h-9 days | NR | NR | Thermometer | 0/6/12/24/36 h |
Huang, 2021 [17] | Children consistent with upper respiratory tract infections | 6 months-6 years | 37.5–40.0℃ | 3–23 days | NR | NR | Thermometer | 0/6/12/24/36 h |
Hunter, 1973 [18] | Children with fever of ≥ 39.5℃ rectally presenting to the hospital | 6 months-5 years | ≥ 39.5℃ | NR | NR | Oral | NR | 240 min |
Kinmonth, 1992 [19] | Homes of willing families with a feverish child recruited after consulting one of 2 l participating general practitioners in Southampton | 3 months-5 years | 37.8–39.9℃ | NR | NR | Axillary | Digital thermometer | 240 min |
Li, 2018 [20] | Fever children who presented to the hospital | 1–8 years | NR | NR | NR | NR | Thermometer | 30/60/120/180 min |
Mahar, 1994 [21] | Children consistent with viral infection | 6 months-5 years | ≥ 38.5℃ | NR | 29.4℃ | Rectal | Electronic thermometer | 120 min |
Newman, 1985 [22] | Fever children admitted to the emergency department | 0.25–2 years | ≥ 39.0℃ | NR | NR | Rectal | Mercury thermometer | 50 min |
Sharber, 1997 [23] | All subjects presented to the emergency department with a complaint of fever | 5 −68 months | ≥ 38.9℃ | NR | 23.9–27.2℃ | Rectal | Infrared tympanic thermometer | 120 min |
Steele, 1970 [24] | Fever children who presented at the Pediatric Clinic with febrile illnesses | 6 months-5 years | ≥ 39.4℃ | ≤ 3 days | 25.5℃ | Rectal | Mercury thermometer | 120 min |
Thomas, 2009 [25] | Fever children who presented to the hospital | 6 months-12 years | ≥ 38.3℃ | NR | −0.5℃ | Axillary | Thermometer | 0/15/30/45/60/90/120 min |
Wu, 2019 [26] | Fever children who presented to the hospital | 1–8 years | NR | NR | NR | NR | Thermometer | NR |