Table 2 Findings of the scoping review
From: Clinical balance assessment tools for children with hearing loss: a scoping review
Study ID | Location | Aim of study | Recruitment of participants | Age | No. participants | Balance test | Balance subtest | Aspect of balance assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohen et al. (1997) | United States | To determine the presence of balance disorders in young children who had otitis media with effusion (OME) | Clinic | 13–57 months | 25 (history of OME for 1–35 months) | Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) | Reflexes, balance, non-locomotor, locomotor and propulsion | Gross and fine motor skills |
Potter & Silverman (1984) | United States | To describe the characteristics of vestibular function and static balance skill in deaf children who had no other known handicaps | School | 5–9 years | 34 children with deafness | Southern California Sensory Integration tests (SCSIT) | Standing Balance subtests | Static balance |
Gayle & Pohlman (1990) | United States | To measure the dynamic, static and rotary balance of deaf and hearing children | - | 123 ± 5.9 or 5.6 mo. | 40 (20 deaf and 20 normal hearing students) | Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development Scale | Item 3 | Static balance |
Hart et al. (1998) | Not indicated | To investigate the role of chronic otitis media with effusion as a cause of childhood imbalance | Clinic | 4.6–6 years | 19 | Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) | Reflexes, balance, non-locomotion, locomotion, and receipt and propulsion 8 subtests: 4 gross motor subtest, 3 fine motor subtests, and 1 combined gross and fine motor subtest | Gross and fine motor skills |
Butterfield (1986) | United States | To examine the influence of age, sex, etiology, and degree of hearing loss on the static and dynamic balance performance of hearing-impaired children and youth | School | 3–14 years | 132 children with hearing loss | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) | Subtest 2- Items 2 and 7 | Static and dynamic balance |
Wong et al. (2013) | Hong Kong | To investigate the balance performance in a cohort of children with severe to profound grade hearing impairment | Clinic | 6–11 years | 28 children with HL | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second edition (BOT-2) Pediatric Functional Reach Test Pediatric Version of Clinical Test for Sensory Interaction of Balance (P-CTSIB) | Balance subtests | Static and dynamic balance Balance and postural stability Balance through various sensory input |
Fellinger et al. (2015) | Austria | To examine motor performance in a representative sample of children with hearing impairment and to explore possible correlations with mental health such as emotional well-being, peer relation-ships, and externalizing behaviour | School | 06–16 years | 93 hearing impaired children, 18 were implanted with CI | Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA) |  | Motor skills, static balance, and dynamic balance |
Wolter (2015) | Toronto, Canada | To determine if children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (UHL) demonstrate impaired balance compared with their normal hearing (NH) peers | Clinic | 07–18 years | 28 (14 children with severe to profound USNHL, 14 NH children) | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd edition (BOT-2) | Motor skills | Static and dynamic balance |
Malekabadizadeh et al. (2016) | Iran | To evaluate the effects of hearing impairment and intellectual disability on children’s static and dynamic balance | - | 07–12 years | 89 (17 severe to profound SNHL, 30 with mild intellectual disability and 42 typically developing children) | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) | Balance subtest | Static and dynamic balance |
Gronski (2013) | United States | To analyse the literature regarding vestibular function, postural control and balance, and motor skills in children who are d/hh to determine the role for occupational therapy | Literature review | 03–18 years | 12 articles | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd edition (BOT-2) Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd edition (MABC-2) Koperkoördinations Test für Kinder (KTK) One-leg stand tests |  | balance and motor deficits |
Venkadesan & Finita (2010) | India | To summarize inexpensive tools such as TGMD-2, PBS, and P-CTSIB | Literature review | 3–11 years | 14 articles | Paediatric Balance Scale (PBS) Test of Gross Motor Development Second edition (TGMD-2) Paediatric Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (P-CTSIB) |  | Functional balance Gross motor skills Static balance |
Said (2013) | Egypt | To assess the balance ability in children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)compared with normal-hearing controls using clinical balance subset tests. | Clinic | 5–15 years | 80 (30 NH children, 50 children with HL- 42 children fitted with bilateral hearing aids, 5 with monaural hearing aids, and 3 children had no hearing aids) | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd edition (BOT-2) Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance (mCTSIB) One-leg stand (OLS) Tandem stand | Balance subtests | Static and dynamic balance |
Maes et al. (2014) | Belgium | To compare the clinical balance performance of normal-hearing (NH) children with the balance performance of hearing-impaired (HI) children with and without vestibular dysfunction to identify an association between vestibular function and motor performance. | School | 3;8mo. − 12;11mo. | 36 (children with normal NH and vestibular function, children with HL with normal vestibular function, and HI children with abnormal vestibular function) | Koperkoo ̈rdinationstest fu ̈r Kinder (KTK) One-leg Stance with Eyes Closed (OLS EC) | Balance Beam Walking (KTK 1) and One-leg Hopping (KTK 2) | Dynamic balance static balance |
Ertugrul et al. (2021) | Turkey | To investigate the postural instability and vestibular functions in children with severe inner ear malformations (IEMs). | Clinic | 04–16 years | 30 (10 children using with unilateral auditory brainstem implant, 10 children with unilateral cochlear implant, and 10 healthy peers) | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd edition (BOT-2) | Balance subtest | Static and dynamic balance |
Cushing (2008) | Canada | To determine the incidence of static and dynamic balance dysfunction in a group of children with profound sensorineural hearing loss receiving a cochlear implant and to assess the impact of cochlear implant activation on equilibrium. | Clinic | 04–17 years | 55 (41 children with cochlear implants, 14 normal hearing children) | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd edition (BOT-2) | Balance subtest | Static and dynamic balance |
Janky & Givens (2015) | United States | To 1) determine whether age-related changes in peripheral vestibular tests occur; (2) quantify peripheral vestibular function in children with normal hearing and CCI; and (3) determine whether amount of vestibular loss predicts visual acuity and balance performance | - | 6–17 years old | 38 (11 children with cochlear implants, 12 children with normal hearing, 15 adult control) | Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) Single-Leg Stance test |  | Gait Static balance |
Eustaquio et al. (2011) | United States | To determine whether unilateral or bilateral cochlear implantation affects the functional balance of children when compared with children with severe-to-profound bilateral hearing loss without a cochlear implant. | Clinic | 04–17 years | 64 (12 children with unilateral cochlear implant, 26 with bilateral cochlear implants, and 26 not implanted) | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency second Edition (BOT-2) | Balance subtest | Static and dynamic balance |
Uysal et al. (2010) | Turkey | To examine the effect of congenital loss of hearing and sight on gait and balance in children | School | mean age 9 years | 60 (20 children with hearing loss, 20 with visually impairment, and 20 controls with no disability) | Southern California Sensory Integration Test (SCSIT) | Standing Balance subtests | Balance and gait |
Jafari & Malayeri (2011) | Iran | To specify the percentage of vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) and an acoustically evoked, short latency negative response (ASNR) recordings and the relation between their presence and static balance ability and postural control of children with profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) | Clinic | 06–9.5 years | 60 (30 children with hearing loss and 30 normal hearing children) | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) |  | Static and dynamic balance |
Melo et al. (2017) | Brazil | To assess the static and dynamic balance performance of students with normal hearing and with sensorineural hearing loss | School | 07–18 years | 98 (48 children with NH, 48 children with SNHL) | Romberg Romberg-Barré test Fournier test Unterberger test |  | Static balance and dynamic balance |
Lindsey & O’Neal (1976) | United States | To compare balance performance in children with profound hearing loss verses those with normal hearing | School | 08–09 years | 108 (31 deaf children, 77 NH children) | Bruininks-Oseretsky Tests of Motor Proficiency (BOT) The Meeting Street School Screening Test Cratty’s test Touwen Balance beam test | Items 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15 Item 14 item 2, 11, 12 item 4 | Static and dynamic balance motor behaviour and coordination |
Rajendran et al. (2012) | India | To systematically analyze the available information in the literatures regarding the postural control, motor skills, and health-related quality of life in children with hearing impairment. | Literature review | 05–11 years | 17 studies | The Southern California Sensory Integration Tests (SCSIT) Körperkoordinations Test Für Kinder (KTK) Bruininks-Oseretsky Tests of Motor Proficiency 2nd edition (BOT-2) Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition (TGMD-2) ChAS-T | Standing balance | Static balance dynamic balance static and dynamic motor skills |
Fernandes et al. (2015) | India | To identify various management techniques used in clinical practice for balance impairment in children with hearing loss. The secondary objective is to determine the efficacy of these interventions to be implemented in clinical practice | Literature review | 0–13 years | 3 studies | Test for Gross Motor Development (TGMD) |  | Gross motor skills |
Hartman et al. (2011) | Netherland | To examine motor performance in deaf elementary school children and its association with sports participation | Institute for the deaf | 6 to 12 years | 42 with hearing impairment | The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) | 3 subtests: manual dexterity (3 items), ball skills (2 items), and static and dynamic balance (3 items) | Motor performance |
Livingstone & McPhillips (2011) | Ireland | To examine the effect of partial hearing, including cochlear implantation, on the development of motor skills in children | School | 6–12 years | 78 (25 children with HL, 53 age-matched comparison group) | The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) | Manual dexterity, ball skills, and balance | Motor skills |
Geddes (1978) | United States | Not indicated | School | 04–05 years | 11 children who are hard-of-hearing | Geddes Psychomotor Inventory |  | Motor skills |
Gheysen et al. (2008) | Belgium | The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a cochlear implant (CI) on the motor development of deaf children. | School | 04–12 years | 79 (36 Deaf children- 20 have CI, and NH 43 children) | Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) Körperkoordinations Test Für Kinder (KTK) The one-leg stance |  | Motor development Gross motor coordination Static balance and postural stability |
Lewis et al. (1985) | United States | To assess the effect of a 6-week posture and body awareness activity program on balance | Â | 6 to 10 years | 16 deaf children | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) | Balance subtest | static and dynamic balance |
Apeksha (2021) | India | This study aimed to assess the balance function in children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) using different tests to assess vestibulospinal pathway and tests to assess vestibular system and to compare the result obtained with those of children with normal hearing sensitivity | Clinic | 06–10 years | 30 (15 children with profound SNHL, 15 children with normal hearing) | Romberg test Tandem gait test |  | Disequilibrium Gait and cerebellar disorders |
An et al. (2009) | Korea | The purposes of the present study were to elucidate the age-related changes in single-limb standing balance and sensory compensation for maintaining single-limb standing in profoundly deaf (PD) children, and to compare them with age-matched normal-hearing (NH) children | School | 4–14 years | 114 (57 deaf children, 57 NH children) | The single-limb standing test (SLS) |  | Standing balance and postural stability in a static standing position |
Siegel et al. (1991) | United States | To compare the scores on a standardized balance test of three age groups of deaf children with those of a sample of normal-hearing children on whom the balance test was standardized | School | 4- to 14 years | 28 children with hearing impairment | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) | balance subtest | Static and dynamic balance |
Holderbaum et al. (1979) | United States | To determine whether or not the Floor Ataxia Test Battery (FATB) is associated with vestibular dysfunction in deaf children | School | mean age of 13 years | 31 with hearing loss | Sharpened Romberg with Eyes Closed (SREC) Stand on One Leg with eyes closed Walk on Floor with Eyes Closed (WOFEC) Heath Rail walking Test | Â | Static and dynamic balance |
Engel-Yeger et al. (2004) | Israel | To compare balance of children with MEE to that of healthy children and to examine whether a relation exists between balance skills and the degree of muscle strength | Clinic | 4.5–7.5 | 40 (20 children with history of at least 3 episodes of middle ear effusion and 20 healthy childrent | Bruininks - Oseretsky test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) | Balance and strength subtest | Static and dynamic balance |
De Kegel et al. (2010) | Belgium | To investigate the construct validity of posturography and clinical balance tests in children with hearing impairments and in children who are developing typically | Centre for childcare | 06–12 years | 76 (53 typically developing, 23 children with hearing loss) | One-leg stance test Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction of Balance (mCTSIB) Körperkoordinations Test Für Kinder (KTK) | Balance beam walking, one-leg hopping | Static balance Dynamic and static balance Dynamic balance, gross motor coordination |
Lima (2017) | Brazil | To analyze deaf children and adolescents prior to and post-practice of capoeira using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) | - | 10–16 years | 25 children with hearing loss | Berg Balance Scale (BBS) |  | Static and dynamic balance |
Horak et al. (1988) | Portland | To document the vestibular status and motor proficiency of a heterogeneous group of hearing-impaired children and of a select group of motor-impaired learning-disabled children to determine whether abnormal vestibular function could account for deficits in motor co- ordination | Clinic | 7–12 years | 89 (44 typically developing children, 30 children with hearing loss, 15 children with learning and coordination disabilities) | Bruininks-Oseretsky test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) | Gross motor subtest | Balance, running speed, bilateral co- ordination, and strength |
Shall (2009) | United States | To valuate saccular function in children with hearing impairments using the Vestibular evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) | Parent support groups | 4–7 years | 33 children with HL | Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) | Manual dexterity, ball skills, and static and dynamic balances | Motor proficiency |
De Kegel et al. (2012) | Belgium | To identify the predictive ability of vestibular function test results on motor performance among hearing-impaired children. | School | 03–12 years | 99 (48 SNHL children, 51 typically developing children) | Movement Assessment Battery for Children Second Edition (MABC-2) Körperkoordinations Test Für Kinder (KTK) One-leg stance (OLS) Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance (mCTSIB) | Manual dexterity, ball skills abilities, and balance | Motor skills Balance beam walking and one-leg hopping Postural stability Postural stability |
Martin et al. (2012) | South Africa | The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of impairments of motor performance and dynamic visual acuity, and the nature and extent of interaction between these in children with sensorineural hearing loss between the ages of 4 and 14 years. | School | 04–14 years | 64 (32 children with SNHL, 32 children with normal hearing) | Movement Assessment Battery for Children Second edition (MABC-2) |  | Motor performance |
Patel et al. (2017) | India | To compare overall balance of children with and without hearing impairment. | - | 07–15 years | 60 (30 children with SNHL and 30 with NH) | One Leg Stance Test Functional Reach Test |  | Static balance dynamic balance |
Hedayatjoo et al. (2020) | Iran | To investigate the effect of balance exercises on balance performance, motor coordination, and attention in children with hearing deficits | Clinic | 7 to 12 years old | 36 children with severe to profound hearing loss | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) | Upper limb coordination, bilateral coordination, and visual-motor control subtests | Motor coordination |
Rajendran et al. (2013) | Not indicated | To determine the effectiveness of vestibular-specific neuromuscular training on motor skills, balance and health-related quality of life in children with hearing impairment | School | 6–11 years | 26 with hearing impairment | Pediatric Functional Reach Test One Leg Standing Test Test of Gross Motor Development 2nd edition (TGMD-2) |  | Postural stability Static balance Motor skills |
Rajendran et al. (2012) | India | To evaluate the reliability of pediatric reach test in children with hearing impairment | School | 6–11 years | 65 children with hearing loss | Pediatric Functional Reach Test |  | Postural stability |
Christy et al. (2014) | United States | The purpose of this preliminary study was to deter-mine reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and cutoff scores for clinical tests of vestibular function | Community | 06–12 years | 43 (20 children with severe to profound SNHL, 23 typically developing children) | Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB) |  | Balance and postural stability |
Cushing et al. (2009) | Canada | Assess vestibular and balance function in meningitis-induced profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) | - | 04–17 years | 9 children profound SNHL with CI | Bruininsk-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd edition (BOT-2) | Balance subtest | Static and dynamic balance |
Ebrahimi et al. (2017) | Iran | To determine the reliability of static control evaluation with Synapsys Posturography System and to compare the static postural control of deaf children with typically developing children | School | 07–12 years | 81 (37 typically developing children and 30 children with profound SNHL) | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) | Balance | Static balance |
Ebrahimi et al. (2016) | Iran | To compare the static and dynamic balance performance of deaf children with and without cochlear implants | School | 07–12 years | 145 (children with bilateral SNHL- 50 without cochlear implants, 35 with unilateral cochlear implants, and 60 NH peers) | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) | Balance | Static and dynamic balance |
Oyewumi et al. (2016) | Canada | To determine if bilateral vestibular dysfunction can be predicted by performance on standardized balance tasks in children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and cochlear implants (CI). 2) To provide clinical recommendations for screening for vestibular impairment in children with SNHL | Clinic | 4;8mo. − 18;6mo. | 113 (45 children with TBVL, 20 with normal vestibular function) | Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency second edition (BOT-2) | Balance subtest | Static and dynamic balance |
Soylemez et al. (2019) | Turkey | To evaluate the balance skills and falling risk in children with a congenital bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss (CBPSNHL) |  | 0–18 years | 50 | Flamingo balance test Tandem stance test One-leg standing test Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) |  | Static balance Static balance Static balance Functional balance |
Melo et al. (2018) | Brazil | To compare the balance performance between normal hearing (NH) children and those with SNHL, considering the sex and age range of the sample, and analyze balance performance according to the degrees of hearing loss and etiological factors in the latter group | School | 7–18 years | 96 (48 NH children and 48 children with SNHL) | Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) |  | Static and dynamic balance |
Sokolov et al. (2019) | Canada | To determine the prevalence of vestibular end-organ dysfunction in children presenting with profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss | - | mean age of 8.8 years | 20 with unilateral deafness | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) | Balance subtest of the | Static and dynamic balance |
Karakoc &Mujdeci (2021) | Turkey | To evaluate static, dynamic, functional balance, and mobility as a whole in children with SNHL. | - | 6–15 years old | 80 (40 with SNHL and 40 with normal-hearing) | Single Stance Test (SLS) Functional Reach Test (FRT) Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) |  | Static balance Dynamic balance Mobility and dynamic balance Functional balance |
Ayanniyi & Mbada (2014) | Nigeria | The study compared static and dynamic balance of school children with and without hearing loss | Schools | 8–17 years | 160 (80 children with hearing loss, 80 control) | One Leg Stance Test Functional Reach Test (FRT) |  | Static balance Dynamic balance |
Benjamin et al. (2023) | Canada | This study compared the stability of typically-developing children to children and young adults and with cochleovestibular dysfunction who utilize cochlear implants to hear during balance perturbations and then assessing if the use of an auditory prosthetic aids with balance | Health institution | < 18 years | 23 (15 typically developing children, 8 participants with cochleovestibular dysfunction) | Bruininks‑Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT‑2) | Balance subset | Static and dynamic balance |
Chisari et al. (2023) | Australia | The study aim was to explore vestibular function, functional balance and postural control and relationship between these measures in children with SNHL | Clinical setting | 5–12 years | 22 (11 with SNHL, 11 with normal sound detection) | Bruininks‑Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT‑2) Standing on one leg Balance beam Nintendo Wii Balance Board (WBB) | Standing on a firm surface with eyes open (EO), eyes closed (EC), standing on a foam with eyes open (FEO) and eyes closed (FEC) | Static and dynamic balance Postural stability |
Kawati et al. (2023) | Indonesia | This study aimed to investigate the balance in hearing-impaired students | School | 8–20 years | 59 hearing-impaired children | Stand on one leg Balance test |  | Static balance Static balance |
Çelik et al. (2022) | Turkey | The study aimed to investigate whether the effects of footwear properties on the plantar pressure distribution | School | 6–18 years | 136 (68 children with hearing impairment, 68 normal hearing children) | Functional Reach Test (FRT) Flamingo Balance Test (FBT) |  | Dynamic balance Static balance |
Ghaffar et al. (2024) | Pakistan | The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of balance impairment in children with hearing impairments | School | 8–15 year | 377 children with hearing loss | Standardized Walking Obstacle Course test (SWOC) Timed Up and Go test (TUG) |  | Functional mobility |
Ghosh, Banerjee & Biswas (2022) | India | This study was aimed to evaluate the differences in dynamic balance in school children with various degrees of hearing loss | School | 3–16 years | 252 children with hearing impairment | Modified Bass Test |  | Dynamic balance |
Hu et al. (2024) | Korea | The study evaluated the effects of Latin dance training on the vestibular function and balance of SNHL children | School | 10–18 years | 30 children with congenital SNHL | Timed eyes-closed static (ECS) with balance pad Functional reach test (FRT) |  | Static balance Functional reach test |
Janky et al. (2023) |  | The study aimed to evaluate the effect of hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction on self-concept in children with cochlear implantations and those with normal hearing | Health institution | 6–18 years | 75 (38 children with normal hearing, 37 children with CI) | Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2) | Balance subtest | Static and dynamic balance |
Metgud & Topkar (2019) | India | This study aimed to investigate the effects of fine motor exercises with or without balancing exercises on fine motor skills in children with SNHL | School | 9–14 year | 195 (65 children with hearing loss, 130 children with normal hearing) | Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) | 14 tasks | Functional balance |
Mohamed et al. (2024) | Egypt | The study aim was to assess the efficacy of a vestibular-balance rehabilitation program to minimize or reverse balance disability in children with SNHL | Health institution | 4–10 years | 45 children with hearing loss | Pediatric balance scale (PBS) Balance Error scoring system (BESS) |  | Functional balance Evaluation of Vestibulospinal reflex and postural control |
Monin et al. (2023) | Switzerland | The aim of this study was to design the GBT test that could objectively measure balance capacities |  | 3–16 year | 37 children with hearing loss | Geneva Balance Test (GBT) Modified Bruininks-Oseretsky test of Motor proficiency second edition (mBOT-2) | Balance subtest | Static and dynamic balance |
Mujdeci et al. (2021) | Turkey | This study aimed evaluate the effects of age at cochlear implantation on balance in children | Health institution | 8–17 years | 40 (20 HL with CI before 48months, 20 HL with CI at/ > 48months) | Tandem Romberg (TR) test Single- Stance test (SLS) Pediatric Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance (P-CTSIB) Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) Timed Up and Go test (TUG) |  |  |
Zarei et al. (2024) | Iran | The purpose of this review was: a) Compare balance in individuals with hearing impairment and those with NH b) Evaluation of the predominance of each of the sensory systems involved in balance control with increasing age in individuals with HI c) To determine how the visual and proprioception systems function in individuals with HI as compared to individuals with hearing d) To determine whether sports activities influence the balance control e) Comparison of the balance control of individuals with HI who participated in sports and individuals with hearing to determine which balance control group has a better performance | Literature review | 5–22 year | 24 studies and 27 trials | Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) Bruininks- Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency second edition (BOT-2) Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT) |  |  |
Singh et al. (2022) | England | The objective of this study was to understand the functional impact of vestibular dysfunction on balance control in children with hearing loss | Literature review | < 21 years | 20 studies included | Unterberger (Fukuda) stepping test Romberg Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT) Tandem gait Standing on one foot |  |  |
Sinno et al. (2022) |  | This study aimed to analyse the SVINT results of healthy children vs. children with hearing loss and to correlate it with sensory organization test (SOT) results as a functional balance evaluation tool | Literature review | 5–17 years | 180 (120 healthy, normal hearing children, 30 hearing-impaired children using HA, 30 hearing-impaired children who use unilateral CIs) | Sensory Organization Test (SOT) |  |  |