Table 1 The baseline characteristics of study children and adolescents by gender
Variables | All participants (N = 7,927) | Boys (N = 4,450) | Girls (N = 3,477) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Median [IQR]) | 7.00 [4.80, 10.70] | 7.75 [4.90, 11.00] | 6.10 [4.70, 10.10] | < 0.001 | |
Survey waves | 2019 | 1,781 (22.5) | 902 (25.9) | 879 (19.8) | < 0.001 |
2020 | 2,024 (25.5) | 958 (27.6) | 1,066 (24.0) | ||
2022 | 4,122 (52.0) | 1,617 (46.5) | 2,505 (56.3) | ||
Paternal age (Median [IQR]) | 37.00 [34.00, 40.00] | 37.00 [34.00, 40.00] | 36.94 [34.00, 40.00] | < 0.001 | |
Maternal age (Median [IQR]) | 36.00 [33.00, 39.00] | 36.00 [33.00, 39.00] | 35.34 [33.00, 38.69] | 0.002 | |
Delivery mode (%) | Vaginal delivery | 3,720 (46.9) | 2,003 (45.0) | 1,717 (49.4) | < 0.001 |
Cesarean section | 4,207 (53.1) | 2,447 (55.0) | 1,760 (50.6) | ||
Assisted reproduction (%) | No | 7,792 (98.3) | 4,372 (98.2) | 3,420 (98.4) | 0.764 |
Yes | 135 (1.7) | 78 (1.8) | 57 (1.6) | ||
Twins (%) | No | 7,746 (97.7) | 4,354 (97.8) | 3,392 (97.6) | 0.439 |
Yes | 181 (2.3) | 96 (2.2) | 85 (2.4) | ||
Infancy feeding (%) | Pure breastfeeding | 4,495 (56.7) | 2,459 (55.3) | 2,036 (58.6) | 0.012 |
Partial breastfeeding | 2,710 (34.2) | 1,566 (35.2) | 1,144 (32.9) | ||
Non-breastfeeding | 722 (9.1) | 425 (9.6) | 297 (8.5) | ||
Full-term birth (%) | Yes | 7,114 (89.7) | 3,994 (89.8) | 3,120 (89.7) | 1.000 |
No | 813 (10.3) | 456 (10.2) | 357 (10.3) | ||
Maternal overweight/obesity (%) | No | 4,451 (57.0) | 2,518 (57.4) | 1,933 (56.3) | 0.337 |
Yes | 3,363 (43.0) | 1,865 (42.6) | 1,498 (43.7) | ||
Paternal overweight/obesity (%) | No | 1,910 (24.2) | 1,060 (23.9) | 850 (24.6) | 0.496 |
Yes | 5,989 (75.8) | 3,379 (76.1) | 2,610 (75.4) | ||
Fast food intake frequency (%) | None or once in a while | 3,972 (50.1) | 2,075 (46.6) | 1,897 (54.6) | < 0.001 |
At least 1 time weekly | 3,955 (49.9) | 2,375 (53.4) | 1,580 (45.4) | ||
Sweet food intake frequency (%) | None or once in a while | 3,543 (44.7) | 1,906 (42.8) | 1,637 (47.1) | < 0.001 |
At least 1 time weekly | 4,384 (55.3) | 2,544 (57.2) | 1,840 (52.9) | ||
Night meals intake frequency (%) | None or once in a while | 3,871 (48.8) | 2,037 (45.8) | 1,834 (52.7) | < 0.001 |
At least 1 time weekly | 4,056 (51.2) | 2,413 (54.2) | 1,643 (47.3) | ||
Eating speed (minutes) (%) | ≥ 15 | 4,179 (52.7) | 2,428 (54.6) | 1,751 (50.4) | < 0.001 |
< 15 | 3,748 (47.3) | 2,022 (45.4) | 1,726 (49.6) | ||
Sleep duration (hours per day) (%) | ≥ 8 | 5,577 (70.4) | 3,252 (73.1) | 2,325 (66.9) | < 0.001 |
< 8 | 2,350 (29.6) | 1,198 (26.9) | 1,152 (33.1) | ||
Sedentary time (hours per day) (%) | ≤ 2 | 1,857 (23.4) | 1,043 (23.4) | 814 (23.4) | 0.999 |
> 2 | 6,070 (76.6) | 3,407 (76.6) | 2,663 (76.6) | ||
Physical activities (hours per day) (%) | Yes | 5,025 (63.4) | 2,932 (65.9) | 2,093 (60.2) | < 0.001 |
No | 2,902 (36.6) | 1,518 (34.1) | 1,384 (39.8) | ||
Number of co-occurrences | |||||
0 | 255 (3.2) | 129 (2.9) | 126 (3.6) | 0.104 | |
1 | 730 (9.2) | 423 (9.5) | 307 (8.8) | ||
2 | 991 (12.5) | 557 (12.5) | 434 (12.5) | ||
3 | 1,693 (21.4) | 915 (20.6) | 778 (22.4) | ||
4 | 2,174 (27.4) | 1,236 (27.8) | 938 (27.0) | ||
5 | 1,568 (19.8) | 913 (20.5) | 655 (18.8) | ||
6 | 474 (6.0) | 253 (5.7) | 221 (6.4) | ||
7 | 42 (0.5) | 24 (0.5) | 18 (0.5) | ||