Table 1 Quality assessment using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (2018)

Are the participants representative of the target population?

Are measurements appropriate regarding both the outcome and intervention (or exposure)?

Are there complete outcome data?

Are the confounders accounted for in the design and analysis?

During the study period, is the intervention administered (or exposure occurred) as intended?

Chartier et al. (2017) [27]

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Can’t tell

Julian et al. (2021) [28]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

O’Malley et al. (2021) [29]

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

van Grieken et al. (2019) [30]

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Can’t tell

Is there an adequate rationale for using a mixed methods design to address the research question?

Are the different components of the study effectively integrated to answer the research question?

Are the outputs of the integration of qualitative and quantitative components adequately interpreted?

Are divergences and inconsistencies between quantitative and qualitative results adequately addressed?

Do the different components of the study adhere to the quality criteria of each tradition of the methods involved?

Giallo et al. (2021) [31]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

O'Donnell et al. (2023) [32]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Can’t tell

Yes