Table 1 Study and participant demographics

Bernier et al., 2018 [45]

Type 1 Diabetes

United States

16 dyads (Intervention n = 8, Control n = 8)

Mean age in years (SD): 10.75 (3.44)

Not provided

Female: n = 10/16 (63%) Male: n = 6/16 (38%)

Not provided

White: n = 13/16 (87%), African American/Mixed: n = 3/16 (19%) Hispanic/Latino: n = 3/16 (19%)

Not provided

High school or lower n = 9/16 (56%), associate degree or higher n = 7/16 (44%)

Bhatia et al., 2020 [46]

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

United States

444 children (Intervention n = 230, Control, n = 214)

Median age in years: 8.1 (IQR: 5.3–14.3 years)

Not provided

Males: n = 302/444 (68%) Females: n=142/444 (32%)

Not provided

Non-Hispanic White: n = 180/444 (40.5%) Hispanic: n = 170/444 (38.3%) African American: n = 43/444 (9.7%) Asian of Mixed: n = 51/444 (11.5%)

Not provided

Paternal education less than or equal to high schooln n= 195/444 (44%)

Castensøe-Seidenfaden et al., 2018 [47]

Type 1 Diabetes

Denmark

200 total (151 young people, 49 parents) Parents: Intervention n = 49, Control n = 0. Child: Intervention n = 76, Control group n = 75

Mean age in years (SD): 17.6 (2.6)

Not provided

Female: n = 81/151 (54%)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Cheung et al., 2022 [48]

Cancer

China

161 dyads (Intervention n = 81, Control n = 81)

Mean age in years (SD): 12.4 (2.4)

Mean age in years (SD): 42.8 (6.2)

Female: n = 68/161 (42.2%)

Female: n = 115/161 (71.4%)

Not provided

Not provided

Primary school or below: n = 7/161 (4.3%) Lower secondary school: n = 39/161 (24%)

Upper secondary school: n = 76/161(47%)

Tertiary education: n = 39/161(24%)

Coker et al., 2023 [49]

Asthma

United States

221 dyads (Intervention n = 111, Control: n = 110)

Mean age in years (SD): 5.8 (2.7)

Not provided

Female: n = 81/221 (27%)

Female: n = 194/221 (88%)

Not provided

Latino: n = 71/221 (32%)

Non-Latino black: n = 42/221 (19%) Multiracial: n = 14/221 (6%)

Non-Latino white: n = 60/221 (27%)

Other: 26/211 (12%)

Less than high school: n = 32/221 (15%)

High school or general educational development: n = 62/221 (28%), Some college or technical/vocational training: n = 79/221 (36%) College or more: n = 48/221 (22%)

Cooper et al., 2020 [50]

Congenital Heart Disease

United States

219 dyads (Intervention n = 109, Control n = 110)

Mean gestational age at birth in weeks (SD): Intervention: 38.9 (0.1) Control:38.8 (0.1)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 30 (0.5) Control: 30 (0.6)

Female: n = 97/219 (44.3%) Male: n = 122/219 (55.7%)

Female: n = 213/219 (97.3%) Male: n = 6/219 (2.7%)

White: n = 173/219 (79%)

Black: n = 28/219 (12.8%)

Asian: n = 3/219 (1.4%)

Mixed: n = 8/219 (3.7%)

Other: n = 2/219 (0.9%) Unknown or not reported: n = 5/219 (2.3%)

Not provided

College: n = 120/219 (54.8%)

Less than college: n = 73/219 (33.3%)

Not reported or unknown: n = 30/219 (13.7%)

Everhart et al., 2017 [51]

Asthma

United States

28 dyads (Intervention n = 15, Control n = 13)

Mean age in years (SD): 9.67 (1.50)

Mean age in years (SD): 39.96 years (7.93)

Male: n = 19/28 (68%)

Female: n = 25/28 (89%)

Not provided

African American: n = 25/28 (89%)

Not provided

Fedele et al., 2021 [52]

Asthma

United States

33 dyads (Intervention n = 17, Control n = 16)

Mean age in years (SD): 13.18 (1.16)

Mean age in years (SD): 43 (9.31)

Female: n = 15/33 (45.5%)

Not provided

Caucasian/white: n = 5/33 (15.2%) Black/African American: n = 21/33 (63.6%) Latino: n = 3/33 (9.1%)

Mixed or multiracial: n = 3/33 (9.1%) Other: n = 1/33

(3.0%)

Not provided

Not provided

Green et al.,2017; Smaldone et al., 2018 [53, 54]

Sickle Cell

United States

28 dyads (Intervention n = 18, Control n = 10)

Mean age in years (SD): 14.3 (2.6)

Not provided

Female: n = 12/28 (43%)

Female: n = 25/28 (89%)

Black: n = 14/28 (50%)

Other: n = 13/28 (46%) Latino: n= 14/28 (50%)

Latino: n = 14/28 (50%)

High school or less: n = 16/28 (57%) Some college or graduate: n = 7/28 (25%)

Hajiabolhasani-Nargani et al., 2016 [55]

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Iran

64 dyads (Intervention n = 32, Control n = 32)

Mean age in years: 8

Mean age in years: 36

Male: n = 51/64 (80%)

Female: n = 64/64 (100%)

Not provided

Not provided

Bachelor's degree: n = 27/64 (42%)

Hannon et al., 2018 [56]

Type 1 Diabetes

United States

97 adolescents (Intervention n = 33/97, Control n = 33/97, Combined approach n = 31/97)

Average age in years (SD): Intervention = 14.5 (1.7) Control: 14.7 (1.5) Combined approach: 14.7 (2.0)

Not provided

Female: n = 48/97 (49%)

Male: n = 49/97 (51%)

Not provided

Asian: n = 1/97 (1%) Black: n = 8/97 (8.2%) White: n = 80/97 (82.5%) More than one race: n = 3/97 (3.1%) Hispanic or Latino: n = 5/97 (5.2%)

Not provided

Not provided

Hemdi et al., 2017 [57]

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Saudi Arabia

62 dyads (Intervention n = 32, Control n = 30)

Average age in months (SD): Intervention: 63.18 (13.68) Control: 58.73 (14.07)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 32.90 years (7.26 SD) Control: 34.43 years (6.65)

Not provided

Female: n = 62/62 (100%)

Not provided

Not provided

Less than high school: n = 10/62 (16%)

High school: n = 20/62 (32%) bachelor's degree: n = 32/62 (52%)

Hilliard et al., 2020 [58]

Type 1 Diabetes

United States

80 dyads (Intervention n = 55, Control n = 25)

Average age in years (SD): 15.3 (1.5)

Not provided

Female: n = 47/80 (59%)

Male: n = 33/80 (41%)

Female: n = 64/78 (80%)

Non-Hispanic white: n = 49/80 (61%)

Non-Hispanic black: n = 10/80 (13%)

Hispanic: n = 15/80 (19%) Other or more than one: n = 6/80 (7%)

Not provided

Not provided

Hinton et al., 2017 [59]

Disabilities

Australia

98 dyads (Intervention n = 51, Control n = 48)

Average age in years (SD): 6.01 (2.31)

Not provided

Male: n = 76/98 (78%) Female: n = 22/98 (22%)

Mother (biological or adoptive): n = 86/98 (88%) Stepmother: n = 2/98 (2%) Foster Mother: n = 1/98 (1%) Father (biological or adoptive) n = 6/98 (%) Grandmother: n = 3/98 (3%)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Hofstetter et al., 2017 [60]

Chronic medical conditions

United States

295 dyads (Intervention n = 154, Control n = 141)

Age 11–12 years: n = 66/295 (22.4%) Age 13–17 years: n = 229/295 (77.6%)

Not provided

Male: n = 160/295 (54.2%) Female: n = 135/295 (45.8%)

Not provided

Latino: n = 239/295 (81.9%)

Non-Latino black: n = 38/295 (13.0%)

Non-Latino white: n = 5/295 (1.7%) Other/multiracial: n = 10/295 (3.4%)

Not provided

Not provided

Holtz et al., 2022 [61]

Type 1 Diabetes

United States

33 families (Intervention n = 23, Control group n = 10)

10 years old: n = 6/33 (18%)

11 years old: n = 4/33 (12%)

12 years old: n = 7/33 (215)

13 years old: n = 8/33 (24%)

14 years old: n = 4/33 (12%)

15 years old: n = 4/33 (12%)

25–34 years: n = 4/33 (12.1%) 25–44 years: n = 20/33 (60.6%) 45–54 years: n = 9/33 (27.3%)

Female: n = 20/33 (61%) Male: n = 13/33 (39%

Not provided

White: n = 30/33 (91%)

Black or African American: n = 1/33 (3%) Hispanic or Latino: n = 2/33 (6%)

Not provided

Not provided

Huang et al., 2022 [62]

Type 1 Diabetes

China

92 dyads (Intervention n = 46, Control n = 46)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 8.6 (3.2) Control: 8.3 (3.6)

Mean age in years: 30.75

Boy: n = 49/92 (53.3%) Girl: n = 43/92 (46.7%)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Under high school: n = 18/92 (19.6%)

High school: n = 27/92 (29.3%) Junior College: n = 31/92 (33.7%) bachelor's degree or higher: n = 16/92 (17.3%)

Jamali et al., 2022 [63]

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Iran

43 dyads (Intervention n = 21, Control n = 22)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 8.18 (2.32) Control: 8.48 (2.84)

Mean age in years (SD: Intervention: 36.10 (5.13) Control: 38.86 (5.57)

Males: n = 33/43 (77%) Females: n = 10/43 (23%)

Intervention group: Mother: n = 20/21 (95%) Father: n = 1/21(5%) (Not provided for control group)

Not provided

Not provided

Primary: n = 6/43 (14%) Finished secondary: n = 14/43 (33%) associate or bachelor's degree: n = 20/43 (46.5%) master's degree: n = 3/43 (7%)

Jaser et al., 2019 [64]

Type 1 Diabetes

United States

120 adolescents (Phone group n = 30, Text n = 30, Control n = 60)

Mean age in years (SD): 14.83 (1.44)

Not provided

Male: n = 57/120 (47%) Female: n = 63/120 (53%)

Not provided

White, Non-Hispanic: n = 105/120 (88%)

Other: n = 14/120 (12%) Unknown: n = 1/120 (0%)

Not provided

Not provided

Johansson et al., 2020 [65]

Obesity

Sweden

28 children (Intervention n = 15, Control n = 13)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 8.4 (1.9) Control: 9.8 (2.2)

Not provided

Girl: n = 15/28 (53.4%) Boy: n = 13/28 (46.4%)

Not provided

Non-Nordic origin: n = 13/28 (46%) Nordic origin: n = 15/28 (53.6%)

Not provided

Not provided

Kenyon et al., 2019 [66]

Asthma

United States

41 children (Intervention n = 21, Control n = 20)

Mean age in years (SD): 5.9 (2.1)

Mean age in years (SD): 34.6 (10.0)

Male: n = 22/41 (54%) Female: n = 19/41 (46%)

Not provided

Black: n = 35/41 (85%) Other: n = 6/41 (15%)

Not provided

High school or less: n = 21/41 (51%)

Some college and above: n = 20/41 (49%)

Khaksar et al., 2022 [67]

Pediatric hospitalizations

Iran

40 parents (Intervention n = 20, Control n = 20)

Not provided

20–24 years: n = 6/40 (15%)

25–29 years: n = 14/40 (35%)

30–34 years: n = 16/40 (40%

35–39 years: n = 2/40 (5%)

40–44 years: n = 2/40 (5%)

Not provided

Female: n = 40/40 (100%)

Not provided

Not provided

Under diploma: n = 6/40 (15%) Diploma: n = 18/40 (45%) Bachelor and higher: 16/40 (40%)

Kim et al., 2016 [68]

Obesity

South Korea

42 triads (children and both parents) (Intervention n = 23, Control n = 19

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 9.70 (1.49), Control 9.79 (1.62)

Mean age for in years (SD): Mothers: 40.78 (4.64), Fathers: 43 (5.81)

Male: 24/42 (57%) Female: 18/42 (43%)

Female: n = 42/84 (50%). Male: n = 42/84 (50%)

Not provided

Not provided

Mothers: < High school: n = 22/42 (52%) > College: n = 19/42 (45%) Fathers:

 < High school: n = 16/41 (39%) > College: n = 25/41 (61%)

Lee et al., 2017 [69]

Intellectual Disability and Obesity

Hong Kong (China)

115 families (Intervention n = 63, Control n = 52)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 13.4 (2.7) Control: 15.3 (3.4)

Not provided

Male: n = 82/115 (71.3%) Female: n = 33/115 (28.7%)

Not reported

Not provided

Not provided

Paternal Education: Illiterate: n = 1/97 (1%) Primary Secondary: n = 19/97 (19.6%) Lower Secondary: n = 26/97 (27%)

Upper Secondary: n = 34/97 (35%)

Post-Secondary: n = 18/97 (18.6%) Maternal education Total: Primary School: n = 23/96 (24%)

Lower Secondary: n = 29/96 (30%)

Upper Secondary: n = 34/96 (35.4%)

Post-Secondary: n = 10/96 (10%)

Lepley et al., 2020 [70]

Acute Illness/Pediatric Emergency Department

United States

98 dyads (Book n = 24, Book App n = 24, App n = 25, Control n = 25)

Median age in years: 2.0 (Range = 1.5–5 years)

Median age in years: 28 (IQR: 25–31.5 years)

Not provided

Female: n = 86/98 (87.8%) Male: n = 12/98 (12.2%%) Book Ap: Female: n = 21/24 (87.5%) Male: n = 3/24 (12.5%)

Not provided

Black: n = 45/98 (46%) Hispanic: n = 19/98 (19.4%) White: n = 27/98 (27.6%) Other: n = 6/98 (6%) Missing data n = 1

Less than high school: n = 11/98 (11.2%) Graduated high school: n = 33/98 (33.7%) Some college: n = 36/98 (36.7%) College degree: n = 18/98 (18.4%)

Liu et al., 2018 [71]

Herniorrhaphy surgery

China

418 dyads (WeChat n = 209, Leaflet n = 209)

Mean age range of 2.50–2.69 years

Age provided in ranges < 25 or 25: n = 37/418 (8.9%) 26–30: n = 242/418 (57.9%) 31–35: n = 116/418 (27.8%) 36–40: n = 21/418 (5%) > 40 or 40: n = 2/418 (0.48%)

Female: n = 111/418 (26.6%) Male: n = 307/418 (73.4%)

Female: n = 209/418 (50%) Male: n = 209/418 (50%)

Not provided

Not provided

Under high school: n = 32/418 (7.7%) High school: n = 152/418 (36.3%) Diploma: n = 112/418 (26.8%) bachelor's degree or higher: 122/418 (29.2%)

Luo et al., 2021 [72]

Cancer

China

103 dyads (Intervention n = 52 Control n = 51

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 5.48 (3.7) Control: 6.41 (3.6)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 33.92 (5.4) Control: 33.22 (5.0)

Not provided

Female: n = 72/103 (70%)

Male: n = 31/103 (30%)

Not provided

Not provided

Primary school: n = 8/103 (7.8%)

High school: n = 66/103 (64%) College: n = 29/103 (28%)

McDuffie et al., 2018 [73]

Fragile X Syndrome

United States

20 dyads (Intervention n = 10, Control n = 10)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 13.92 (2.26) Control: 12.46 (1.23)

Mean age in years (SD) only provided by groupings. Intervention group: 44.20 (6.00) Control group: 44 (6.13)

Male: n = 20/20 (100%)

Female: n = 20/20 (100%)

Not provided

Not provided

Mean years of education (SD). Intervention: 15.30 (1.77) Control: 15.40 (2.46)

Miloh et al., 2017 [74]

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

United States

51 children (Intervention n = 21 Control n = 30)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Modi et al., 2016 [75]

Epilepsy

United States

25 adolescents and 10 parents (Adolescent text only: n = 5 Adolescent and parent text plus communication: n = 5 Adolescent application only: n = 5 Adolescent and parent application plus communication: n = 5 Epilepsy application for adolescents only: n = 5)

Mean age in years (SD): 15.7 (1.5)

Not provided

Female n = 12/25 (48%)

Not reported

Caucasian n = 23/25 (92%)

Not provided

Not provided

Moghimi et al., 2018 [76]

Mentally retarded children

Iran

70 parents (Intervention n = 35, Control n = 35)

Not provided

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 33.72 (3.8) Control: 34.1 (4)

Not provided

Female: n = 70/70 (100%)

Not provided

Not provided

Primary and secondary education: n = 25/70 (36%)

High school: n = 30/70 (43%) Diploma and bachelor: n = 15/70 (21%)

Mruzek et al., 2019 [77]

Autism Spectrum Disorder

United States

32 children (Intervention n = 16, Control n = 16)

3 years: n = 21/32 (65.6%)

4 years: n = 4/32 (12.5%)

5 years: n = 5/32 (15.6%)

6 years: n = 2/32 (6.3%)

Not provided

Female: n = 6/32 (18.8%) Male: n = 26/32 (81.3%)

Not provided

Asian: n = 1/32 (3.1%)

Black or African: n = 5/32 (15.6%) Caucasian/White: n = 22/32 (68.8%) Other/multiracial: n = 3/32 (9.4%)

Not provided

Not provided

Mulligan et al., 2022 [78]

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

United States

203 families (Intervention n = 100, Control n = 103)

Mean age in years (SD): 6.1 (3.4)

Mean age in years (SD): 36.5 (6.5)

Female: n = 136/203 (67%) Male: n = 67/203(33%)

Female: n = 183/220 (83.2%) Male: n = 37/220 (16.8%)

Not provided

Not provided

 </= GCSE or equivalent: n = 85/220 (38.7%) Advanced level of equivalent: n = 51/220 (23.2%) HNC or HND: n = 14/220 (6.4%) Degree or postgraduate: n = 70/220 (31.8%)

Nkoy et al., 2021 [79]

Medical Complexities

United States

50 dyads (Intervention n = 24, Control n = 26)

Mean age in years (SD): 8.5 (5.7)

Not provided

Male: n = 29/50 (58%) Female: n = 21/50 (42%)

Female: n = 43/50 (86%)

Male: n = 4/50 (8%) Unknown: n = 3/50 (6%)

White: n = 38/50 (76%) Hispanic: n = 11/50 (22%) Other: n = 1/50 (2%)

White: n = 39/50 (78%) Hispanic: n = 7/50 (14%) Other: n = 4/50 (8%)

College incomplete: n = 22/50 (44%)

College completed: n = 25/50 (50.5%) Unknown: n = 3/50 (65)

Phillips et al., 2014 [80]

Acute or Chronic tympanic membrane perforation

Australia

53 children (Intervention n = 30, Control n = 23)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

All aboriginal children

Not provided

Not provided

Phipps et al., 2020 [81]

Cancer

United States

621 dyads (Intervention n = 310, Control n = 311)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 8.3 (5.5) Control: 8.2 (5.5)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 37.0 (8.6) Control: 36.7 (8.8)

Male: n = 345/621(55.6%) Female: n = 276/621 (44.4%)

Female: n = 549/621 (88.4%) Male: n = 72/621 (11.6%)

Not provided

White: n = 388/621(62.5%) Black: n = 77/621 (12.4%) Other/Unknown: n = 138/621 (22.2%)

Average highest grade completed (SD): Intervention: 13.6 (3.6) Control: 13.8 (3.5)

Salinero et al., 2021 [82]

Pediatric Emergency Room Visit

United States

123 dyads (Intervention n = 61, Control n = 62)

Mean age in years (95% CI). 2.2 (1.7–2.7)

Not provided

Male: n = 72/123 (59%) Female: n = 51/123 (41%)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Singer et al., 2018 [83]

Atopic Dermatitis

United States

30 dyads (Intervention n = 14, Control n = 16)

Average age in years (range) Intervention: 0.9 (0.3–2.2) Control: 1.4 (0.3–3.8)

Not provided

Female n = 17/30 (57%) Male: n = 13/30 (43%)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Swallow et al., 2014 [84]

Chronic Kidney Disease

United Kingdom

30 families (30 children and 41 parents) (Intervention: n = 14, control: n = 16)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 9.1 (5.5) Control : 10.2 (5.7)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention group: 42.7 (10.3) Control : 44.1 (8.3)

Female: n = 9/30 (30%) Male: n = 21/30 (70%)

Female: n = 22/41 (54%)

Male: n = 19/41 (46%)

Not provided

White-European: n = 32/41 (78%) Afro-Caribbean: n = 1/41 (2.4%) South Asian: n = 8/41 (19.5%)

Not provided

Talisuna et al., 2017 [85]

Malaria

Kenya

1677 dyads (Intervention n = 828, Control n = 849)

Age ranges provided in months: < 12 years: n = 161/1677 (9.6%) 12–59 years: n = 1495/1677 (89.1%) 60 years: n = 21/1677 (1.3%)

Less than/equal to 20 years: n = 333/1677 (20%)

20–40 years: n = 1236/1677 (73.7%) > 40 years: n = 70/1677 (4.2%) Missing age: n = 38/1677 (2.3%)

Female: n = 787/1677 (46.9%)

Male: n = 890/1677 (53%)

Female: n = 1589/1677 (94.8%) Male: n = 890/1677 (53%)

Not provided

Not provided

No formal education: 49/1677 (2.9%) Primary: n = 1096/1677 (65.4%) Secondary and above: n = 571/1677 (34%) Missing information: n = 7/1677 (0.42%)

Taveras et al., 2017 [86]

Obesity

United States

721 dyads (Intervention n = 360, Control n = 361)

Mean age in years (SD): 8.0 (3.0)

Mean age in years (SD): 38.4 (7.2)

Female: n = 368/721 (51%) Male: n = 353/721 (49%)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

 < College graduate n = 356/721 (49.3%)

Teach et al., 2021 [87]

Asthma

United States

217 dyads (Intervention n = 107 Control n = 111)

Mean age in years (SD): 6.6 (2.3)

Mean age (SD): 33.8 (9.5)

Female: n = 85/217 (39.2%) Male: n = 132/217 (61%)

Female: n = 200/217 (92.2%) Male: n = 17/217 (7.8%)

Hispanic n = 1/217 (0.5%) African American n = 216/217 (99.5%)

Hispanic n = 1/217 (0.5%) African American n = 216/217 (99.5%)

Grade 1–11: n = 28/217 (12.9%)

GED or 12 th Grade: n = 85/217 (39.2%) Some college/associate degree: n = 72/217 (33.2%) College Graduate: n = 32/217 (14.7%)

Weisman et al., 2018 [88]

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Israel

39 children (Intervention n = 19, Control n = 20)

Mean age in years (SD): 9.56 (2.41)

Not provided

Female: n = 12/39 (31%) Male: n = 27/39 (69%)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Whitehouse et al., 2017 [89]

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Australia

75 families (Intervention n = 39, Control n = 36)

Mean age in months (SD): Intervention: 39.36 (8.50) Control: 40.25 (8.41)

Maternal mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 30.89 (4.63) Control: 32.25 (5.01) Paternal mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 34.06 (5.53) Control: 36.35 (5.58)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Maternal Ethnicity (% Caucasian). n = 55/75 (73.3%) Paternal Ethnicity (% Caucasian) n = 55/75 (73.3%)

Maternal Education: Did not complete secondary school: n = 8/75 (11%) Secondary school completion: n = 10/75 (13%) Trade/technical certificate: n = 12/75 (16%) Undergraduate degree or higher: n = 42/75 (56%) Paternal Education. Did not complete secondary school: n = 10/75 (13%) Secondary school completion: n = 10/75 (13%) Trade/technical certificate: n = 17/75 (23%) Undergraduate degree or higher: n = 37/75 (49%)

Yang et al., 2016 [90]

Children undergoing tonsillectomies

Korea

61 dyads (Intervention n = 27, Control n = 34)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 5.2 (1.3) control: 5.3 (1.3)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention:35.8 (4) Control:36.3 (2.7)

Female: n = 18/61 (29.5%) Male: n = 43/61 (70.5%)

Female: n = 61/61 (100%)

Not provided

Not provided

 </= High school: n = 18/61 (30%) College: n = 36/61 (59%)

 >/= College: n = 7/61 (11.5%)

Zhang et al., 2018 [91]

Type 1 Diabetes

United States

48 adolescents (Intervention n = 24, Control n = 24)

Mean age in years (SD): 14.7 (1.3)

Not provided

Female: n = 25/48 (52.1) Male: n = 23/48 (47.9)

Not provided

White, Non-Hispanic: 39/48 (81.2%) Other: n = 9/48 (18.8%)

Not provided

Not provided

Zhang et al., 2021 [92]

Congenital Heart Disease

China

84 dyads (Intervention n = 42, Control n = 42)

Mean age in months (SD): Intervention = 4.7 (4.3) Control = 4.9 (4.4)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention = 29.1 (6.5) Control: 28.8 (7.1)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Under high school: n = 15/84 (17.9%)

Highschool: n = 26/84 (31%)

Junior college: n = 27/84 (32.1%) bachelor's degree or higher: 16/84 (19%)

Zhang et al., 2022a [93]

Congenital Heart Disease

China

84 dyads (Intervention n = 42, Control n = 42)

Mean age in months (SD: Intervention = 3.3 (3.1) Control = 3.6 (3.3)

Mean age in years (SD): Intervention: 28.5 (5.2) Control: 28.7(7.6)

Girls: n = 37/84 (44%) Boys: n = 47/84 (56%)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Under high school: n = 13/84 (15.5%)

High school: n = 34/84 (40.5%) Junior college: n = 27/84 (32%) bachelor's degree or higher: n = 10/84 (11.9%)

Zhang et al., 2022b [94]

Congenital Heart Disease

China

65 dyads (Intervention n = 35, Control n = 30)

Mean age in days (SD): Intervention = 18.0 (8.4) Control = 16.2 (7.3)

Age provided in ranges

 < 25 or 25 years: n = 7/65 (10.8%)

26–30 years: n = 19/65 (29.2%)

31–35 years: n = 23/65 (35.4%)

36–40 years: n = 16/65 (24.6%)

 > 40 or 40 years: n = 5/65 (7.7%)

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Not provided

Under high school: n = 10/65 (15.4%)

High school: n = 23/65 (35.4%) Junior college: n = 24/65 (37%) Bachelor degree or higher: n = 13/65 (20%)