Table 1 Summary of characteristics of included studies
From: Global prevalence of myopia in children using digital devices: a systematic review and meta-analysis
First Author`s Name | Year | Country | Age range (Mean ± SD) | Sample size | Number of myopias among children in both eyes | Myopia prevalence in children (%) | Time spent for digital devices (Mean ± SD) | Activity p-value | Screen time for Nearsightedness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lu et al. [38] | 2009 | China | 10–19 (14.6 ± 0.8) | 998 | 829 | 81 | 6.4 ± 7.3 (h/week) | < 0.001 | Playing video games or computer use | |
Mutti et al. [39] | 2002 | USA | 13–14 | 366 | 67 | 18.3 | 2.7 ± 4.1 (h/week) | - | Playing video games or computer use | |
Qian et al. [40] | 2016 | China | 5–8 | 1589 | 344 | 21.7 | Not Reported | 0.015 | Computers use | |
Qian et al. [40] | 2016 | China | 9–12 | 4023 | 1583 | 39.3 | Not Reported | 0.015 | Computers use | |
Qian et al. [40] | 2016 | China | 13–16 | 2069 | 1079 | 52.1 | Not Reported | 0.015 | Computers use | |
Chua et al. [41] | 2015 | Singapore | 3 | 572 | 35 | 6.1 | 0.59 ± 0.32, 1.07 (h/day) | 0.88 | Computers use | |
Saxena et al. [42] | 2015 | India | 5–15 (11.6 ± 2.2) | 9884 | 1297 | 13.1 | > 14 (h/week) | < 0.001 | Computer use or video and mobile games | |
Paudel et al. [43] | 2014 | Vietnam | 12–15 | 2238 | 456 | 20.4 | 4.9 ± 6.5 (h/week) | 0.077 | Computers use | |
Guan et al. [44] | 2019 | China | 9–12 (10.6 ± 1.15) | 19,934 | 3607 | 18.1 | 0 min/day (myopia: 16.5%) 1–30 min/day (myopia:22.4%) 31–60 min/day (myopia:27.2%) > 60 min/day (myopia:23.5%) | < 0.001 | Computers use | |
Saw et al. [45] | 2002 | Singapore | 7 | 522 | … | 27.6 | Not Reported | 0.05 | Computer use | |
Saw. et al. [45] | 2002 | Singapore | 8 | 321 | … | 34.6 | Not Reported | 0.05 | Computer use | |
Saw et al. [45] | 2002 | Singapore | 9 | 162 | … | 43.2 | Not Reported | 0.05 | Computer use | |
Liu et al. [46] | 2019 | China | 6–14 (9.5 ± 2.1) | 566 | 335 | 59.2 | 0.68 ± 0.49 (h/day) | 0.044 | Computer use | |
McCrann et al. [47] | 2018 | Ireland | 8–13 | 361 | 45 | 12.4 | Not Reported | 0.04 | Playing video games or computer use | |
Singh et al. [48] | 2019 | India | (10.5 ± 3.0) | 1234 | 261 | 21.1 | > 2 h/day | < 0.001 | Playing video games | |
Dixit R et al. [49] | 2016 | India | 12–15 | 289 | 95 | 32.7 | < 3 h/day (myopia:14.8%) 3–5 h/day (myopia: 11.6%) > 5 h/day (myopia: 13.6%) | < 0.005 | Screen devices | |