Table 3 Summary of characteristics of studies including the effect of smartphones on the prevalence of myopia in children
From: Global prevalence of myopia in children using digital devices: a systematic review and meta-analysis
First Author`s Name | Year | Country | Age range (Mean ± SD) | Sample size | Number of children with myopia | Myopia prevalence in children | Myopia prevalence or incidence by smart device exposure, or screen time by myopia status | Activity P-value | Screen exposure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guan et al. [51] | 2019 | China | 10.6 ± 1.15 | 4659 | 3607 | 77.4% | 0 min/day (myopia; 17·5%) 1–30 min/day (myopia; 19·4%) 31–60 min/day (myopia; 18·0%) > 60 min/day (myopia; 20·0%) | 0.001 | Smartphone |
Harrington et al. [52] | 2019 | Ireland | 6–7 years | 728 | 27 | 3.7% | < 1 h/day (myopia; 8·3%) 1–3 h/day (myopia; 11·7%) > 3 h/day (myopia; 20·3%) | < 0.001 | Smartphone |
Harrington et al. [52] | 2019 | Ireland | 12–13 years | 898 | 205 | 22.8% | < 1 h/day (myopia; 8·3%) 1–3 h/day (myopia; 11·7) > 3 h/day (myopia; 20·3%) | < 0.001 | Smartphone |
Huang et al. [51] | 2019 | China | 19.6 ± 0.9 | 968 | 828 | 86.8% | 0 h/day (myopia; 89·7%) ≤ 1 h/day (myopia; day 87·1%) 1·01–2 h/day (myopia; 89·7%) 2·01–3 h/day (myopia; 86·3%) > 3 h/day (myopia; 84·6%) | 0.454 | Smartphone |
Liu et al. [46] | 2019 | China | 6–14 (9.5 ± 2.1) | 566 | 335 | 59.2% | Smartphones: myopia 0·47 (SD 0·49) h per day vs. no myopia 0·39 (0·47) h per day (p = 0·038; adjusted p = 0·93); tablets: myopia 0·34 (0·46) h per day vs. no myopia 0·26 (0·47) h per day (p = 0·040; adjusted p = 0·11) | 0.038 | Smartphone/tablet screen time |
McCrann et al. [53] | 2020 | Ireland | 7–12 | 402 | 138 | 34.3% | Myopia in 288 ± 174 min/day vs. no myopia in 258 ± 163 min/day (p = 0·090) | 0.09 | Smartphone screen time |
Singh et al. [48] | 2019 | India | 5–15 | 1234 | 261 | 21.1% | 0–2 h/day (myopia; 43%) vs. no > 2–4 h/day (myopia; 97%); myopia 51% vs. no myopia 2·4%; and > 4 h per day: myopia 7% vs. no myopia 0% | < 0.001 | Mobile use |
Harrington et al. [54] | 2023 | Ireland | 6–7 (7/08 ± 0/45) | 723 | 27 | 3.7% | > 2 h/day | < 0.001 | Smartphone use |