Table 4 Preoperative risk factors, surgical management, intra/postoperative complications, reoperation, and mortality of patients with perforated peptic ulcer

Bülbül and Şalcı, 2024. [15]

Gastric

(n = 8, 72.7%)

Duodenal (n = 3, 27.3%)

N/A

Laparotomy (n = 11, 100%);

N/A

n = 3 (27.3%);

opening in the wound, incisional hernia

n = 1 (9.1%)

n = 0

Wang et al., 2023. [16]

Gastric (n = 21, 70%)

Duodenal (n = 9, 30%)

N/A

Laparotomy group (n = 11, 36.7%);

simple suture (n = 11)

Laparoscopy (n = 19, 63.3%);

simple suture (n = 16), simple suture, omental patch repair (n = 2), and gastroscopic closure using clips (n = 1)

N/A

n = 3 (10%);

based on Clavien-Dindo classification in the laparoscopy group:

Grade 1 (n = 1)

Grade 3b (n = 1)

Laparotomy group:

Grade 2 (n = 1)

N/A

n = 2 (6.7%)

due to severe sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, including one with fungal peritonitis

Shen et al., 2023. [17]

Duodenal (n = 45, 100%)

N/A

Laparotomy (n = 9, 20%);

simple suture (n = 9)

Laparoscopy (n = 4, 8.9%);

simple suture (n = 4)

Conservative treatment (n = 32, 71.1%)

N/A

n = 1 (7.7%);

wound infection

n = 0

n = 0

Sayan et al., 2021. [18]

Duodenal (n = 9, 100%)

One patient had abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant, and vomiting that started four days ago (gangrenous appendicitis was detected, and an appendectomy was performed)

Laparotomy (n = 9, 100%);

simple suture and omentum patch (n = 9)

n = 0

n = 0

n = 0

n = 0

Yan et al., 2019. [19]

Gastric (n = 9, 45%)

Duodenal (n = 11, 55%)

Blunt trauma (n = 1), Bochdalek’s hernia (n = 2), heterotopic pancreas (n = 1), Acute urticaria (n = 4), dexamethasone (n = 4), methylprednisolone (n = 1), Meckel’s diverticulum (n = 1), R

retrobulbar neuritis (n = 1), severe pneumonia (n = 1), pleural effusion (n = 1),

Rotavirus gastroenteritis (n = 1)

Laparotomy (n = 13, 65%);

simple suture (n = 6);

simple suture, omentum patch (n = 2); simple suture, omentum patch, and resection of the Meckel diverticulum with enteroanastomosis (n = 1)

Distal gastrectomy, gastrojejunal Roux-en-Y anastomosis (n = 3), simple suture, closed thoracic drainage, repair of pleura–peritoneal hiatus hernia, pleural decortication (n = 1)

Laparoscopy (n = 7, 35%);

simple suture (n = 7)

Gastroduodenal artery aneurysm rupture (GAAR) and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (UGIB) (n = 1) after Distal gastrectomy, gastrojejunal Roux-en-Y anastomosis

n = 2 (10%);

adhesive ileus (n = 1), wound infection (n = 1)

n = 2 (10%);

due to GAAR and UGIB

n = 0

Reusens et al., 2016. [20]

Gatric (n = 4, 80%)

Duodenal (n = 1, 20%)

N/A

Laparoscopy (n = 5, 100%);

simple suture and omentum patch (n = 5)

n = 0

n = 1 (20%);

abdominal infection

n = 1 (20%);

A patient with abdominal infection was treated with laparoscopic rinsing of the abdomen and placement of a drain

n = 0

Wong et al., 2015. [21]

Gastric (n = 2, 15.4%)

Duodenal (n = 11, 84,6%)

Unstable hemodynamics (n = 4), and chronic use of steroids due to rheumatic disease (n = 1)

Laparoscopy (n = 7)

Laparotomy (n = 6)

N/A

n = 0

n = 0

n = 0

Yildiz et al., 2014. [22]

Duodenal (n = 9, 100%)

N/A

Laparotomy (n = 9, 100%);

simple suture, omentum patch (n = 9)

n = 0

n = 0

n = 0

n = 0

Hua et al., 2007. [23]

Gastric (n = 11, 21.2%)

Duodenal (n = 41, 78.8%)

Respiratory tract infection (n = 1), salmonella sepsis (n = 1), history of esophageal reconstruction for corrosive injury, which resulted in stricture (n = 1), spinal injury at C2 (n = 1), a patient with burns (n = 1), astrocytoma (n = 1)

Laparotomy (n = 51 98.1%);

vagotomy with pyloroplasty (n = 43), simple suture (n = 8)

Laparoscopy (n = 1, 1.9%);

simple suture (n = 1)

N/A

n = 9 (17.3%);

wound infections (n = 3),

jejunal perforation (n = 1),

intraabdominal abscess (n = 1),

adhesive ileus (n = 1)

pancreatitis (n = 1)

N/A

n = 2 (3.8%) (time and cause of death is not specified)

Wong et al., 2006. [24]

Gastric (n = N/A)

Duodenal (n = N/A)

One patient with Crohn’s disease and oral steroid therapy with concomitant histamine2 blocker prophylaxis (n = 1)

Laparoscopy (n = 13, 76.5%);

simple suture and omentum patch (n = 13)

Converted to open repair (n = 4, 23.5%) due to technical difficulty (n = 2), and the large size of the ulcer (n = 2) (including the 1 patient with Crohn’s disease).

n = 0

n = 0

n = 0

n = 0

Edwards et al., 2005. [25]

Gastric (n = 5, 31.3%)

Duodenal (n = 11, 68.7%)

Congenital heart disease (n = 2), brain arteriovenous malformation (n = 1), meningitis (n = 1), cystic fibrosis (n = 1), hydrocephalus (n = 2), prematurity (n = 2), mental retardation, cerebral palsy (n = 2), chronic renal failure (n = 1), nephrotic syndrome (n = 1), end-stage renal disease (n = 1), asthma (n = 1), scleroderma (n = 1)

Laparotomy (n = 16, 100%);

closure, duodenal ulcer (n = 3), closure, gastric ulcer (n = 2), closure with patch, duodenal ulcer (n = 6), closure, duodenal ulcer, pyloroplasty (n = 2), closure with patch, gastric ulcer (n = 3)

N/A

n = 11 (68.8%);

wound infection (n = 3), wound dehiscence (n = 2), pneumonia (n = 2), breakdown of the repaired perforation site (n = 1), and persistent or recurrent bleeding (n = 2)

N/A

4 (14%);

died between 1 day and 3 weeks after surgery.

Related to: complex cyanotic heart disease (n = 2), cystic fibrosis with end-stage lung disease (n = 1), and severe prematurity and hydrocephalus (n = 1)

Dunn et al., 1983. [26]

Duodenal (n = 12, 100%)

N/A

Laparotomy (n = 12, 100%);

simple suture and omentum patch (n = 9), simple suture, omentum patch, and pyloroplasty (n = 1), simple suture, omentum patch, and tube duodenostomy (n = 1),

vagotomy and antrectomy (n = 1) was performed on 1-month-old female patient 1 with two large duodenal perforations.

N/A

N/A

N/A

n = 1