Fig. 2

Umbilical cord plasma lipid species exhibited notable differences between the PE and control groups. A The volcano plot was utilized to assess significantly different lipids. Blue dots represent downregulated lipids in the PE group, while red dots indicate significantly upregulated lipids. Grey dots denote lipids that did not show significant changes in the PE group. The size of the dots corresponds to the VIP values. B Pie charts illustrate the composition of differential lipid species. C The bubble plot displays the relative differences in the detected significantly different lipids. Each bubble represents a specific lipid, with the y-axis indicating the lipid subclass and the x-axis representing the relative difference of various lipids. A positive relative difference indicates that the concentration of that lipid was higher in the PE group, whereas a negative relative difference signifies that the concentration was lower in the PE group