Skip to main content

Table 3 Combined estimates and 95% CI from the two-stage IPD meta-analysis of the effect of maternal GDM on child neurodevelopmental, cognitive and behavioural outcomes at different ages derived from crude estimates (model 1), full adjusted estimates (model 2) and sensitivity analysis (model 3)

From: Is maternal diabetes during pregnancy associated with neurodevelopmental, cognitive and behavioural outcomes in children? Insights from individual participant data meta-analysis in ten birth cohorts

 

ADHD

symptoms

ASD

symptoms

Gross motor function

Fine motor

function

Non-verbal

intelligence

Externalising

problems

Internalising

problems

 

β (95% CI) P value

β (95% CI) P value

β (95% CI) P value

β (95% CI) P value

β (95% CI) P value

β (95% CI) P value

β (95% CI) P value

Year 3

Model 1a

 

−0.80 (−4.81, 3.20) 0.69

−1.63 (−5.31, 2.06) 0.38

  

1.83 (−1.09, 4.76) 0.22

6.29 (−3.00, 15.59) 0.18

Model 2b

 

−0.71 (−5.25, 3.82) 0.75

1.71 (−5.35, 1.92) 0.35

  

0.72 (−2.53, 3.97) 0.66

5.66 (−3.30, 14.63) 0.21

Model 3c

 

−1.42 (−6.14, 3.29) 0.55

−1.47 (−5.17, 2.22) 0.43

  

0.61 (−2.74, 3.95) 0.77

3.37 (−3.41, 10.16) 0.33

Year 4–6

Model 1a

2.65 (0.87, 4.44)

6.09 (1.03, 11.15) 0.01

−0.29 (−4.12, 3.54) 0.88

−1.42 (−3.46, 0.62) 0.17

−2.47 (−13.22, 8.28) 0.65

2.62 (0.51, 4.73) 0.01

0.69 (−1.79, 3.17) 0.59

Model 2b

2.96 (1.10, 4.81) 0.001

4.74 (−0.99, 10.47) 0.10

0.06 (−3.21, 1.07) 0.88

−0.44 (−1.90, 1.02) 0.55

0.92 (−5.64, 7.49) 0.78

2.77 (0.52, 5.02) 0.01

1.26 (−1.05, 3.57) 0.28

Model 3c

1.65 (−0.27, 3.58) 0.09

4.68 (−0.89, 10.25) 0.10

0.17 (−3.00, 3.34) 0.91

−0.34 (−1.51, 0.82) 0.56

2.30 (−4.25, 8.84) 0.49

2.50 (0.15, 4.85) 0.03

1.06 (−1.44, 3.55) 0.40

Year 7–10

Model 1a

4.09 (1.97, 6.20) <0.001

4.42 (0.11, 8.73) 0.04

−0.97 (−3.02, 1.07) 0.35

− 1.03 (−3.03, 0.97) 0.31

0.42 (−17.37, 18.20) 0.96

3.84 (1.19, 6.49) 0.005

5.65 (2.81, 850) <0.001

Model 2b

3.67 (1.13, 6.20) 0.001

2.97 (−1.85, 7.79) 0.22

−0.24 (−2.74, 2.26) 0.85

−0.11 (−2.55, 2.34) 0.93

2.46 (−3.19, 8.13) 0.39

2.68 (−0.20, 5.57) 0.06

2.43 (−1.07, 5.93) 0.17

Model 3c

2.40 (0.07, 4.73) 0.04

3.43 (−1.52, 8.28) 0.17

1.29 (−1.38, 3.97) 0.34

1.16 (−1.53, 3.86) 0.39

2.78 (−4.37, 9.93) 0.12

1.97 (−1.04, 4.97) 0.20

0.29 (−3.42, 4.01) 0.87

Year 13 − 11

Model 1a

−4.88 (−13.44, 3.68) 0.26

    

4.99 (−5.13, 15.11) 0.33

5.65 (0.40, 11.10) 0.03

Model 2b

(−15.09, 3.51) 0.22

    

5.59 (−15.93, 27.10) 0.61

1.07 (−4.37, 6.51) 0.70

Model 3c

−4.67 (−11.02, 1.69) 0.15

    

5.15 (−15.43, 25.72) 0.62

0.33 (−5.23, 5.88) 0.90

  1. aCrude estimates
  2. bFully adjusted for child sex, maternal age, plurality and parity, BMI, pregnancy weight gain, maternal smoking, maternal education
  3. cSensitivity analysis (Fully adjusted for child sex, maternal age, plurality and parity, BMI, pregnancy weight gain, maternal smoking, maternal education and EU-SILC income. Raine was excluded from the sensitivityanalysis
Back to article page

BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

Contact us